Answer:
Assalamu alaikum,
The 9th of Dhu’l Hijjah is known as ‘the Day of `Arafah,’ because the pilgrims at Hajj gather at `Arafah in worship, which is one of the three central integrals of the Hajj rituals. Its importance is such that the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) said, “Hajj is `Arafah.” [Reported in most major hadith works]
The Day of `Arafah is important for those not at Hajj, as well.
Abu Qatada (Allah be pleased with him) related that the Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace be upon him, his family, and companions) said, “Fasting the Day of `Arafah [9thof Dhu’l Hijjah] expiates for two years, one prior and one forthcoming.” [Reported by Muslim, Abu Dawud, Nasa’i, and Ibn Majah]
As such, the scholars concur that it is highly recommended (mustahabb) to fast the Day of `Arafah [9th of Dhu’l Hijjah], even for the one on Hajj in the Hanafi school, if it does not weaken the pilgrim from spending the day busy in worship. [Haskafi, Durr; Kasani, Bada’i`]
The Day of `Arafah is one of the days when supplications (du`a) are more likely to be accepted. [Ibn al-Haajj,al-Madhkhal; Saffarini, Ghidha’ al-Albab]
This is based on the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) saying, “The best of supplications are those on the Day of `Arafah.” [Tirmidhi, Ahmad, Malik, and others] Imam al-Baji explained this as meaning, ‘Having most baraka, the greatest reward, and the quickest in being answered.’ [Baji,al-Muntaqa Sharh al-Muwatta]
The Takbirs of Eid Start on This Day: The Fiqh
Allah Most High commanded us to, “Remember Allah through the appointed days.” [Qur’an, 2.203]
Hakim recorded in his Mustadrak, from both Ali and Ammar that they said, “The Messenger of Allah used to… make thetakbirs from the Fajr prayer of the Day of `Arafah and would stop them after the Asr prayer of the final day of the Days of Tashriq [13th of Dhu’l Hijjah].” There is, however, weakness in the chain of narrators, as Imam Bayhaqi mentioned. There are numerous hadiths that have been mentioned on this, as Imam Jamal al-Din al-Zayla`i expounded in his Nasb al-Raya [2.266-269]
This has been established by consensus of the Companions of the Beloved of Allah, the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace). [Mawaffaq Ibn Qudama, al-Mughni 2.126 #1431]
Legal status:
It is necessary (wajib) for every Muslim (male or female, whether praying in congregation or alone) to make the following takbir (declaration of the greatness of Allah) immediately after each obligatory (fard) prayer.
Time:
From: the Fajr Prayer on the 9th of Dhu’l Hijjah (the Day of `Arafah)
To: the Asr Prayer on the 13th of Dhu’l Hijjah.
Thus, these takbirs last 5 days, and 23 prayers.
The takbirs:
Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar, La ilaha illa Llahu.
Wa Llahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar wa lillahi Lhamd .
( اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ لَا إلَهَ إلَّا اللَّهُوَاَللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ وَلِلَّهِ الْحَمْدُ )
(Allah is the greatest, Allah is the greatest, there is no god but Allah.
And Allah is the greatest, Allah is the greatest and to Allah belongs all praise.)
Rulings related to this:
The wajib is to recite this takbir once. If done more than this, it is good. [Haskafi, Durr, quoting `Ayni]
The position related above that it is obligatory for 23 prayers, whether in congregation or alone, for every Muslim, is the position of Abu Hanifa’s students, Abu Yusuf and Muhammad ibn al-Hasan, and it is the position acted upon and chosen for fatwa, because of the strength of their evidence and the inherited practice being on it, and because it is more cautious. [Durrand Ibn Abidin, Radd al-Muhtar; al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, quoting al-Zahidi] Abu Hanifa’s position, that it lasts only 8 prayers, is supported by evidence, too, though, including the practice of some major Companions such as Ibn Mas`ud (Allah be pleased with him), and was taken by some major Hanafi imams, though a minority, such as Ibn al-Humam in hisFath al-Qadir.
It is not wrong (rather, it is recommended) to also perform it after the Eid prayer itself because the Muslims have performed it generation after generation, so it is proper to follow their inherited practice (that has been accepted by generation after generation of scholars). [Durr and Radd al-Muhtar]
The followers must perform it, even if the imam leaves it. [Durr]
Latecomers [=those who missed one or more rakat of the congregational prayer] must perform it, but after completing their prayer.
It is necessary for the congregation to perform it out loud. [Ibn Abidin,Radd al-Muhtar, quoting Quhustani]
It is necessary to make the takbirs immediately after the salams. If one talks, loses one’s wudu, or performs other actions completely foreign to the prayer, one has missed the wajib. [al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya;Durr]
And Allah alone gives success.
Walaikum assalam,
Faraz Rabbani.
في الدر المختار:( وَيَجِبُ تَكْبِيرُ التَّشْرِيقِ ) فِي الْأَصَحِّ لِلْأَمْرِ بِهِ ( مَرَّةً ) وَإِنْ زَادَ عَلَيْهَا يَكُونُ فَضْلًا قَالَهُ الْعَيْنِيُّ . صِفَتُهُ ( اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ لَا إلَهَ إلَّا اللَّهُ وَاَللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ وَلِلَّهِ الْحَمْدُ ) هُوَ الْمَأْثُورُ عَنْ الْخَلِيلِ . ...... ( وَقَالَا بِوُجُوبِهِ فَوْرَ كُلِّ فَرْضٍ مُطْلَقًا ) وَلَوْ مُنْفَرِدًا أَوْ مُسَافِرًا أَوْ امْرَأَةً لِأَنَّهُ تَبَعٌ لِلْمَكْتُوبَةِ ( إلَى ) عَصْرِ الْيَوْمِ الْخَامِسِ ( آخِرِ أَيَّامِ التَّشْرِيقِ وَعَلَيْهِ الِاعْتِمَادُ ) وَالْعَمَلُ وَالْفَتْوَى فِي عَامَّةِ الْأَمْصَارِ وَكَافَّةِ الْأَعْصَارِ . وَلَا بَأْسَ بِهِ عَقِبَ الْعِيدِ لِأَنَّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ تَوَارَثُوهُ فَوَجَبَ اتِّبَاعُهُمْ , وَعَلَيْهِ الْبَلْخِيُّونَ , وَلَا يُمْنَعُ الْعَامَّةُ مِنْ التَّكْبِيرِ فِي الْأَسْوَاقِ فِي الْأَيَّامِ الْعَشْرِ وَبِهِ نَأْخُذُ بَحْرٌ وَمُجْتَبَى وَغَيْرُهُ ( وَيَأْتِي الْمُؤْتَمُّ بِهِ ) وُجُوبًا ( وَإِنْ تَرَكَهُ إمَامُهُ ) لِأَدَائِهِ بَعْدَ الصَّلَاةِ . قَالَ أَبُو يُوسُفَ : صَلَّيْت بِهِمْ الْمَغْرِبَ يَوْمَ عَرَفَةَ فَسَهَوْت أَنْ أُكَبِّرَ فَكَبَّرَ بِهِمْ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ ( وَالْمَسْبُوقُ يُكَبِّرُ ) وُجُوبًا كَاللَّاحِقِ لَكِنْ ( عَقِبَ الْقَضَاءِ ) لِمَا فَاتَهُ , وَلَوْ كَبَّرَ الْإِمَامُ لَا تَفْسُدُ , وَلَوْ لَبَّى فَسَدَتْ ( وَيَبْدَأُ الْإِمَامُ بِسُجُودِ السَّهْوِ ) لِوُجُوبِهِ فِي تَحْرِيمَتِهَا ( ثُمَّ بِالتَّكْبِيرِ ) لِوُجُوبِهِ فِي حُرْمَتِهَا ( ثُمَّ بِالتَّلْبِيَةِ لَوْ مُحْرِمًا ) لِعَدَمِهِمَا خُلَاصَةٌ . وَفِي الْوَلْوَالِجيَّةِ : لَوْ بَدَأَ بِالتَّلْبِيَةِ سَقَطَ السُّجُودُ وَالتَّكْبِيرُ .علق عيه ابن عابدين في رد المحتار:مَطْلَبٌ فِي تَكْبِيرِ التَّشْرِيقِ( قَوْلُهُ : وَيَجِبُ تَكْبِيرُ التَّشْرِيقِ ) نُقِلَ فِي الصِّحَاحِ وَغَيْرِهِ أَنَّ التَّشْرِيقَ تَقْدِيدُ اللَّحْمِ وَبِهِ سُمِّيَتْ الْأَيَّامُ الثَّلَاثَةُ بَعْدَ يَوْمِ النَّحْرِ . وَنَقَلَ الْخَلِيلُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ وَالنَّضْرُ بْنُ شُمَيْلٍ عَنْ أَهْلِ اللُّغَةِ أَنَّهُ التَّكْبِيرُ فَكَانَ مُشْتَرَكًا بَيْنَهُمَا وَالْمُرَادُ هُنَا الثَّانِي , وَالْإِضَافَةُ فِيهِ بَيَانِيَّةٌ أَيْ التَّكْبِيرُ الَّذِي هُوَ التَّشْرِيقُ . وَبِهِ انْدَفَعَ مَا قِيلَ : إنَّ الْإِضَافَةَ عَلَى قَوْلِهِمَا لِأَنَّهُ لَا تَكْبِيرَ فِي أَيَّامِ التَّشْرِيقِ عِنْدَهُ وَتَمَامُهُ فِي الْأَحْكَامِ لِلشَّيْخِ إسْمَاعِيلَ وَالْبَحْرِ( قَوْلُهُ لِلْأَمْرِ بِهِ ) أَيْ فِي قوله تعالى { وَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ فِي أَيَّامٍ مَعْدُودَاتٍ } وقوله تعالى { وَيَذْكُرُوا اسْمَ اللَّهِ فِي أَيَّامٍ مَعْلُومَاتٍ } عَلَى الْقَوْلِ بِأَنَّ كِلَيْهِمَا أَيَّامُ التَّشْرِيقِ , وَقِيلَ الْمَعْدُودَاتُ أَيَّامُ التَّشْرِيقِ وَالْمَعْلُومَاتُ أَيَّامُ عَشْرِ ذِي الْحِجَّةِ وَتَمَامُهُ فِي الْبَحْرِ ( قَوْلُهُ صِفَتُهُ إلَخْ ) فَهُوَ تَهْلِيلَةٌ بَيْنَ أَرْبَعِ تَكْبِيرَاتٍ ثُمَّ تَحْمِيدَةٌ وَالْجَهْرُ بِهِ وَاجِبٌ وَقِيلَ سُنَّةٌ قُهُسْتَانِيٌّ ( قَوْلُهُ : وَعَلَيْهِ الِاعْتِمَادُ إلَخْ ) هَذَا بِنَاءً عَلَى أَنَّهُ إذَا اخْتَلَفَ الْإِمَامُ وَصَاحِبَاهُ فَالْعِبْرَةُ لِقُوَّةِ الدَّلِيلِ , وَهُوَ الْأَصَحُّ كَمَا فِي آخِرِ الْحَاوِي الْقُدْسِيِّ أَوْ عَلَى أَنَّ قَوْلَهُمَا فِي كُلِّ مَسْأَلَةٍ مَرْوِيٌّ عَنْهُ أَيْضًا , وَإِلَّا فَكَيْفَ يُفْتَى بِقَوْلِ غَيْرِ صَاحِبِ الْمَذْهَبِ . وَبِهِ انْدَفَعَ مَا فِي الْفَتْحِ مِنْ تَرْجِيحِ قَوْلِهِ هُنَا وَرَدُّ فَتْوَى الْمَشَايِخِ بِقَوْلِهِمَا بَحْرٌ . مَطْلَبٌ كَلِمَةُ لَا بَأْسَ قَدْ تُسْتَعْمَلُ فِي الْمَنْدُوبِ( قَوْلُهُ وَلَا بَأْسَ إلَخْ ) كَلِمَةُ لَا بَأْسَ قَدْ تُسْتَعْمَلُ فِي الْمَنْدُوبِ كَمَا فِي الْبَحْرِ مِنْ الْجَنَائِزِ وَالْجِهَادِ وَمِنْهُ هَذَا الْمَوْضِعُ لِقَوْلِهِ فَوَجَبَ اتِّبَاعُهُمْ( قَوْلُهُ فَوَجَبَ ) الظَّاهِرُ أَنَّ الْمُرَادَ بِالْوُجُوبِ الثُّبُوتُ لَا الْوُجُوبُ الْمُصْطَلَحُ عَلَيْهِ , وَفِي الْبَحْرِ عَنْ الْمُجْتَبَى : وَالْبَلْخِيُّونَ يُكَبِّرُونَ عَقِبَ صَلَاةِ الْعِيدِ لِأَنَّهَا تُؤَدَّى بِجَمَاعَةٍ فَأَشْبَهَتْ الْجُمُعَةَ ا هـ وَهُوَ يُفِيدُ الْوُجُوبَ الْمُصْطَلَحَ عَلَيْهِ ط( قَوْلُهُ وَلَا يُمْنَعُ الْعَامَّةُ إلَخْ ) فِي الْمُجْتَبَى قِيلَ لِأَبِي حَنِيفَةَ يَنْبَغِي لِأَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ وَغَيْرِهَا أَنْ يُكَبِّرُوا أَيَّامَ الْعَشْرِ فِي الْأَسْوَاقِ وَالْمَسَاجِدِ قَالَ نَعَمْ وَذَكَرَ الْفَقِيهُ أَبُو اللَّيْثِ أَنَّ إبْرَاهِيمَ بْنَ يُوسُفَ كَانَ يُفْتِي بِالتَّكْبِيرِ فِيهَا قَالَ الْفَقِيهُ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ : وَاَلَّذِي عِنْدِي أَنَّهُ لَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ تُمْنَعَ الْعَامَّةُ عَنْهُ لِقِلَّةِ رَغْبَتِهِمْ فِي الْخَيْرِ وَبِهِ نَأْخُذُ ا هـ فَأَفَادَ أَنَّ فِعْلَهُ أَوْلَىفي الفتاوى الهنديّة: 1/152( وَمِمَّا يَتَّصِلُ بِذَلِكَ تَكْبِيرَاتُ أَيَّامِ التَّشْرِيقِ ) ( الْكَلَامُ فِي تَكْبِيرَاتِ التَّشْرِيقِ فِي مَوَاضِعَ ) الْأَوَّلُ فِي صِفَتِهِ وَالثَّانِي فِي عَدَدِهِ وَمَاهِيَّتِهِ وَالثَّالِثُ فِي شُرُوطِهِ وَالرَّابِعُ فِي وَقْتِهِ , أَمَّا صِفَتُهُ فَإِنَّهُ وَاجِبٌ . وَأَمَّا عَدَدُهُ وَمَاهِيَّتُهُ فَهُوَ أَنْ يَقُولَ مَرَّةً وَاحِدَةً : اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ لَا إلَهَ إلَّا اللَّهُ وَاَللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ وَلِلَّهِ الْحَمْدُ , وَأَمَّا شُرُوطُهُ فَإِقَامَةٌ وَمِصْرٌ وَمَكْتُوبَةٌ وَجَمَاعَةٌ مُسْتَحَبَّةٌ , هَكَذَا فِي التَّبْيِينِ وَلَا تُشْتَرَطُ الْحُرِّيَّةُ وَالسُّلْطَانُ عِنْدَ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ - رحمه الله تعالى - عَلَى الْأَصَحِّ , هَكَذَا فِي مِعْرَاجِ الدِّرَايَةِ . وَأَمَّا وَقْتُهُ فَأَوَّلُهُ عَقِيبَ صَلَاةِ الْفَجْرِ مِنْ يَوْمِ عَرَفَةَ وَآخِرُهُ فِي قَوْلِ أَبِي يُوسُفَ وَمُحَمَّدٍ - رَحِمَهُمَا اللَّهُ تَعَالَى - عَقِيبَ صَلَاةِ الْعَصْرِ مِنْ آخِرِ أَيَّامِ التَّشْرِيقِ , هَكَذَا فِي التَّبْيِينِ , وَالْفَتْوَى وَالْعَمَلُ فِي عَامَّةِ الْأَمْصَارِ وَكَافَّةِ الْأَعْصَارِ عَلَى قَوْلِهِمَا , كَذَا فِي الزَّاهِدِيِّ . وَيَنْبَغِي أَنْ يُكَبِّرَ مُتَّصِلًا بِالسَّلَامِ حَتَّى لَوْ تَكَلَّمَ أَوْ أَحْدَثَ مُتَعَمِّدًا سَقَطَ , كَذَا فِي التَّهْذِيبِ وَلَا يُكَبِّرُ عَقِيبَ الْوِتْرِ وَعَقِيبَ صَلَاةِ الْعِيدِ .
